Cultura dos cuidados afro-brasileiros: barbeiro-sangrador do Brasil imperial e legado para enfermagem / Cultura de los cuidados afrobrasileña: barbero sangrador del Brasil imperial y el legado para la enfermería / The culture of afro-brazilian care: barber-bleeder of imperial Brazil and the legacy for the nursing profession

Objetivo: Descrever, analiticamente, e comentar as práticas de cuidado do barbeiro-sangrador, na diáspora Brasil imperial, como elementos para a construção dos saberes no campo da saúde. Método: Pesquisa na abordagem da história cultural com ênfase na trajetória dos povos negros. Descrição e análise realizaram-se no livro "História Geral da Medicina Brasileira", relacionando-o com as obras de Debret, sobre os cuidados exercidos por negros. Resultados: Foram encontradas descrições do ofício do barbeiro-sangrador, quando relatado na execução do cuidado, mais o instrumental que utilizava e qual era sua posição diante da sociedade. Por Debret localizaram-se três aquarelas de práticas dos barbeiro-sangradores. Conclusão: Revelou-se a existência de um legado cultural afrodescendente no âmbito do cuidado, mesmo diante da querela do saber popular e científico. Porém, o saber popular esteve e está presente na prática e quiçá nas dobras dos cuidados prestados atualmente

Objetivo: Describir analíticamente y hacer comentarios sobre las prácticas de atención barbero-sangrador en Brasil en la diáspora imperial, como elementos para la construcción del conocimiento en el campo de la salud. Método: Investigación con el enfoque en la historia cultural y la historia de la población negra. La descripción y análisis del libro "Historia General de Medicina de Brasil", relacionándola con las obras de Debret, en el cuidado ejercido por los negros. Resultados: Se encontraron las descripciones de artesanía del barbeiro, cuando se dio la implementación de la atención, más el instrumental que utilizaba y cuál era su posición en la sociedad. Además las acuarelas de Debret. Conclusión: Se demostró la ascendencia africana de la existencia del legado cultural en el cuidado, incluso en el conocimiento popular y científico. Sin embargo, el conocimiento popular en la práctica, están tal vez en los pliegues del cuidado actual

Objective: The study's goal has been to analytically describe the barber-bleeder care practices over the Brazilian imperial diaspora period, and also to provide insight about the topic aiming to produce elements for the knowledge building process in the health field. Methods: It is a research on the cultural history approach and the trajectory of black people. The description and analysis were made in the book "Historia Geral da Medicina Brasileira" (Brazilian Medicine General History) by relating it to Debret's work on the care done by the black people. Results: Descriptions of the barber-bleeder work have been found when reported in the care execution, plus the used tools and what was its position before the society. By Debret, three aquarelles were located about the barber-bleeders practices. Conclusion: It was revealed the existence of an African descendant cultural legacy in the care scope, even in the face of the quarrel of popular and scientific knowledge. Nonetheless, popular knowledge has been present, and still does, in the modern care practice

Artesanos de servicio: Apreciaciones sobre los Barberos, Sangradores, Sacamuelas / Craftsmen of service: appreciations on the barbers, tappers, dentists

Los barberos a través del tiempo, han dejado una estela para muchos, poco apreciada. El presente relato intenta dar un poco más de lustre a su nombre, observándolo sucintamente desde varias facetas: tocador de guitarra y cantador, navegante, artesano; intentando romper la creencia de que fueron personas incultas y sin conocimientos. También se realizará un acercamiento hacia los barberos que laboraron en nuestra Cuenca de los Andes desde el siglo XVI hasta su extinción en el siglo XX.

Barbers over time, have left a trail which is little appreciated. The present account tries to enhance its name, observing it briefly from several aspects: guitar player and singer, navigator and craftsman; trying to break the belief that they were uncultured and uneducated people. There will also be an approach to the barbers who worked in our city "Cuenca de los Andes" from the sixteenth century until its extinction in the twentieth century.

A trajetória de médicos e barbeiros no Rio de Janeiro da segunda metade do século XIX / The trajectory of physicians and barber-surgeons in Rio de Janeiro during the second half of the nineteenth century

O trabalho analisa aspectos do exercício dos ofícios de cura de médicos e barbeiros-sangradores no Rio de Janeiro, entre 1840 e 1889, com base em nomes e endereços encontrados no Almanaque Laemmert. Além de localizar geograficamente os espaços de atuação desses agentes na cidade, são identificados os anunciantes que se repetiram ao longo do tempo e aqueles que mudaram de endereço. O cruzamento com dados das fontes cartoriais e eclesiásticas, que indicam objetos relacionados à prática terapêutica, como sarjetas, globos para sangrar e navalhas, permite compreender melhor as mudanças na atuação desses terapeutas em contexto caracterizado pela desqualificação das artes de cura populares, a crise da escravidão e mudanças nas concepções acadêmicas sobre as doenças.

This work analyzes aspects of the healing work performed by doctors and barber- surgeons in Rio de Janeiro between 1840 and 1889, based on the names and addresses in the Laemmert Almanaque. This not only provided the geographic location of where these agents were active within the city, but also identified the advertisers who featured repeatedly and those who moved to other locations. By cross-referencing this data with notary public sources and church records, which identified objects used in therapeutic practices, such as fleams, cupping-glasses and lancets, one can to better understand the way these therapists worked in a context characterized by the disqualification of the popular arts of healing, the slavery crisis and changes in academic concepts about diseases.

Human cadaveric dissection: a historical account from ancient Greece to the modern era / 대한해부학회지

The review article attempts to focus on the practice of human cadaveric dissection during its inception in ancient Greece in 3rd century BC, revival in medieval Italy at the beginning of 14th century and subsequent evolution in Europe and the United States of America over the centuries. The article highlights on the gradual change in attitude of religious authorities towards human dissection, the shift in the practice of human dissection being performed by barber surgeons to the anatomist himself dissecting the human body and the enactment of prominent legislations which proved to be crucial milestones during the course of the history of human cadaveric dissection. It particularly emphasizes on the different means of procuring human bodies which changed over the centuries in accordance with the increasing demand due to the rise in popularity of human dissection as a tool for teaching anatomy. Finally, it documents the rise of body donation programs as the source of human cadavers for anatomical dissection from the second half of the 20th century. Presently innovative measures are being introduced within the body donation programs by medical schools across the world to sensitize medical students such that they maintain a respectful, compassionate and empathetic attitude towards the human cadaver while dissecting the same. Human dissection is indispensable for a sound knowledge in anatomy which can ensure safe as well as efficient clinical practice and the human dissection lab could possibly be the ideal place to cultivate humanistic qualities among future physicians in the 21st century.

Presencia en la Literatura Universal de charlatanes, sacamuelas y barberos / Presence of quacks, tooth-pullers and barbers in the world literature

La Literatura Universal, fuente de información y conocimiento, medio para enriquecer el acervo cognoscitivo y cultural de los profesionales de la estomatología; recoge en sus páginas las raíces de esta profesión, manifestada en la labor que realizaron los charlatanes, sacamuelas y barberos, así como el papel que jugaron en su construcción y desarrollo. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la presencia, en estas creaciones, de la actividad desarrollada por ellos. Se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica en libros impresos y automatizados en Internet, Google Académico, para lo cual se usaron los descriptores charlatanes, sacamuelas, barberos, dientes, boca. Se consultaron quince obras y seleccionaron ocho en cuyas páginas se recogen referencias al tema que nos ocupó. La información se organizó sobre la base del orden cronológico de los autores. El estudio de las obras de la Literatura Universal consultadas nos permitió reconocer excelentes descripciones de la actividad de los charlatanes, sacamuelas y barberos, los cuales constituyen raíces históricas de la labor de los profesionales de la estomatología(AU)

The world literature is a source of information and knowledge and a means of enhancing the cognitive and cultural stock of the dental professionals. Its pages collect the roots of this profession expressed in the work of quacks, tooth-pullers and barbers and their role in the creation and development of this discipline. The objective of this paper was to identify the presence of the activities carried out by them in these creations. Literature search was made in printed and computerized books and in the academic google on Internet, for which we used subject headings as quacks, tooth-pullers, barbers, teeth, mouth. Fifteen works were consulted; eight of them were selected for this paper since they made reference to this topic. The gathered information was organized by the chronological order of the authors. The study of these documents from the world literature allowed us to be aware of the excellent descriptions of the activities performed by quacks, tooth-pullers and barbers as part of the historical roots of the work of dental professionals(AU)

John Banister: um cirurgião elisabetano no Brasil / John Banister: an Elizabethan surgeon in Brazil

Na história quinhentista do Brasil, são muito raras as referências aos profissionais da saúde. Na expedição de Edward Fenton, despachada pela Coroa inglesa em 1582 para fundar um entreposto comercial na Ásia, vinha o famoso cirurgião-barbeiro e físico (médico) John Banister. Desviada da sua rota original para repetir os feitos de Francis Drake, a esquadra fez escala na África, atravessou o Atlântico e ancorou no litoral catarinense. Nessas águas, a expedição degenerou em ações piráticas e retornou fracassada à Europa. John Banister é considerado aquele que libertou a anatomia inglesa da sua escravidão medieval, lançando sobre ela a luz do Renascimento. Foi a primeira vez que alguém dessa envergadura na área da saúde visitava estas latitudes.

A medicina no Brasil colonial / The medicine in the colonial Brasil

Aborda o novo horizonte proporcionado por Ribeiro Sanches, cristão-novo, com sólida formação cultural, que foi o resultado da comparação dos conhecimentos que ele adquiriu em universidades européias, inclusive a de Portugal. Era evidente o grande descompasso da Medicina portuguesa. Enquanto a Universidade de Paris, em plena Renascença, já começava a desvendar os mistérios da micrologia nos trabalhos de Marcelo Malpighi [1628-1694], trazendo a doença da macroestrutura para a microsstrutura do corpo, utilizando as lentes de aumento, a Universidade de Coimbra ainda resistia ao estudo da anatomia em obdiência à ordem do Concílio de Tours, de 1163, que proibiu o contato com sangue humano. Não existe dúvida quanto à importância dos judeus na formação de uma intelectualidade porutguesa, no século 16, particularmente do domínio médico. A maior parte desses curadores foi expulsa pela política segregacionista portuguesa, na primeira metade do século 16, outros se dirigiram ao Novo Mundo, contudo a perseguição política não ficou restrita às terras de Portugal. Ao contrário, os judeus fugidos dos rigores da intolerância de todos os matizes, nos reinos cristãos da Europa medieval, ajudaram a empurrar esses especialistas em direção à novas terras descobertas, ao Brasil inclusive. Além de médicos, cirurgiões e boticários, eles povoaram as cidades brasileiras como artífices, lavradores, soldados e criadores de gado, facilmente identificados como cristãos-novos.

Apuntes históricos sobre el manejo de la infección en el desarrollo de la cirugía / Historical notes on the management of infection during the development of surgery

Surgery and medicine have not evolved in parallel. There have been discrepancies, bellicosity, contempt and even separate university studies during a long time. The Saint Cosme Brotherhood, founded to supervise the professional practice of barbers (short robe surgeon-barbers) in France in 1260, was opposed by the Faculty of Medicine in Paris. The conflicting interests of the university, Brotherhood and Barbers, that persisted until the 18 th century, impaired the progress of surgery. In the first half of the 19 th century, the advance of surgery continued facing pain, hemorrhage and infection. The control of the latter had to consider antisepsis, asepsis and finally the appearance of antimicrobial substances, sulfonamides and antibiotics that allowed surgeons to approach and solve major problems of the specialty.

La cirugía y la medicina no evolucionaron en forma paralela, con discrepancias, reservas, belicosidad, desprecios e incluso estudios universitarios separados durante bastante tiempo. La Cofradía de San Cosme, fundada en Francia en 1260, para supervigilar el ejercicio profesional quirúrgico de los barberos (cirujanos-barberos de toga corta), tuvo la oposición de la Facultad de Medicina de París. Los intereses contrapuestos de la universidad, Cofradía y Barberos, que persistieron hasta fines del siglo XVIII, perjudicaron el progreso de la cirugía. En la primera mitad del siglo XIX, el avance de la cirugía continuó enfrentándose al dolor, la hemorragia y a la infección. El control de ésta debió pasar por la antisepsia, asepsia y finalmente por la aparición de las sustancias antimicrobianas, sulfamidados y antibióticos, que permitirían a los cirujanos abordar y solucionar problemas de mayor relevancia de la especialidad, curativos y preventivos.

Medicina mestiça: saberes e práticas curativas nas minas setecentistas / Mestizo medicine: knowledge and healing practices in the eighteenth century mines

O marco temporal proposto tem início nos primeiros anos da segunda década do século XVIII. A criação das primeiras comarcas e das primeiras vilas em 1711 (onde se instalaram as sedes dessas comarcas), introduziu na capitania de São Paulo e das Minas de Ouro uma nova estrutura administrativa que buscava impor a ordem e garantir a tributação nos núcleos de mineração. Tais fatos contribuíram para a fixação do elemento humano nas Minas setecentistas e a consequente demanda de serviços, entre eles o dos oficiais de cura. O limite que demarca o final de nosso estudo é 1808, historicamente marcado pela chegada da família real ao Brasil, o que ensejou a instalação das primeiras escolas médico-cirúrgicas no país e possibilitou a formação acadêmica de cirurgiões na colônia, procurando suprir a falta de 'doutores' apontada por Santos Filho (1991, p.6, vol.1). A escolha da Comarca de Rio das Velhas para se pensar as Minas no século XVIII se deve não só ao fato de ter sido sua sede a Vila Real de Nossa Senhora da Conceição do Sabará, uma dessas primeiras vilas a serem instituídas na região, mas também por se constituir em local considerado geograficamente estratégico (BOXER, 2000). Por estar em contato permanente com o Centro e o Norte mineiros, essa vila se transformou em importante polo comercial. Sua população heterogênea formada por portugueses, paulistas, baianos, negros e mestiços, forros ou escravos, apresentava-se por isso mais propensa a trânsitos culturais mais dinâmicos e intensos.

Recuento histórico y análisis epistemológico de la sepsis secundaria a lesiones y su control quirúrgico. Desde el papiro de Edwin Smith hasta el pus bonum et laudabile / Historical recount and epistemological analysis of the sepsis derived from wounds and its surgical control: From thepapyrus of Edwin Smith to the "pus bonum et laudabile".

La sepsis como complicación temible del trauma ha acompañado al hombre a través de la historia en especial en la antigüedad. En el presente trabajo se analiza la evolución histórica del controlquirúrgico de la sepsis desde el Antiguo Egipto hasta la Edad Media. Se describe cómo los diferentes tratamientos tuvieron una evolución paradójica: empezando desde una relativa cura apiógena de los egipcios y alejandrinos, hasta el irrefrenable deseo de ver supurar la lesión, típico en la EdadMedia. También se exponen las causas de la ambigüedad de los griegos a la hora de promover o limitar la supuración, sustentadas en el humoralismo clásico, y cómo esta concepción fue la semilla del dogma galénico “la pus es buena y laudable”, dogma que marcó la pauta del cuidado de las heridas durante más de mil años, y que fue responsable, junto con la pérdida de valiosos conocimientos quirúrgicos en el Medioevo, del establecimiento de la cauterización como tratamiento de elección para muchos tipos de lesión. Finalmente, se presentan las razones epistemológicas del fracaso del intento de derrumbar el dogma galénico durante el siglo XIII.

Sepsis, as a fearsome complication of trauma, has accompanied mankind throughout history, particularly in the Antiquity. In this article the historical evolution of surgical sepsis control and of the importance of suppuration is reviewed, from the Ancient Egypt through the Middle Ages. The evolutionof different therapeutic approaches for wounds is described, from the non-suppurative healing of the Egyptians and Alexandrians to the irrepressible desire of seeing wound suppuration that was common in the Middle Ages. The causes of the ambiguity of Greeks concerning the promotion or limitation of suppuration are presented. They were based on the classical theory of Humoralism. This conception became the framework of the Galenic dogma expressed as the “good and laudable pus”, which served as the basisfor wound care during more than one thousand years. It was responsible, together with the loss of valuablesurgical knowledge during the Middle Ages, of the establishement of cauterization as the treatment of choice for different types of lesions. The epistemological reasons for the failure to overthrow the Galenic dogma duringthe XIII Century are also discussed.

Capacitación en cirugía ortopédica y traumatología basada en la evidencia / Training in orthopaedic surgery and traumatology based in evidences

La tradicional enseñanza de la medicina admite nuevos caminos de comunicación entre docente y alumno. Basado en la experiencia adquirida en la formación de médicos residentes, se expone un caso práctico de fractura del calcáneo y su resolución siguiendo el método de las evidencias.

The traditional medical learning accepts new ways of communication between teacher and student. Based in adcquired experience forming medical residents, it is exposed here a case of fracture of calcaneum and its resolution following the method of evidences.

Historia de la coloproctología / History of coloproctology

La historia de la humanidad se funde con la historia de los intentos para remediar la enfermedad y evitar la muerte. Si el hombre tiene 600.000 años de vida, 6000 de historia y 200 de desarrollo científico, la cirugía anal, la trepanación craneana y la cesárea escapan a este encasillamiento por practicarse desde hace 4.000 a 10.000 años, mientras que la cirugía colónica necesitó del advenimiento de la anestesia y de la antisepsia para desarrollarse y tiene sólo 200 años de edad. Se desarrolla en esta monografía historia de la medicina, de las ciencias y de la coloproctología para ubicar a esta última en su contexto, en la prehistoria, en la época precolombina, en la edad antigua (3.100 a.C. a 476 d.C.) donde se describe en forma sucinta los avances de la medicina china, hindú, asirio-babilónica, egipcia, griega, romana y hebrea. En la edad media (476-1453) se destacan la medicina bizantina, la árabe, la cristiana que inicia su obra de solidaridad humana propiciando la creación de hospitales y asilos y aparece en Salerno, en el 850, la primera escuela médica organizada de Europa. En la edad moderna (1453-1789) el descubrimiento del papel y de la imprenta favorecieron la transmisión del conocimiento y de la corriente renacentista de la elevación espiritual. Aparecen las Academias Científicas y comienza la utilización política y económica de las ciencias. Se lucha contra el raciocinio escolástico y desaloja la medicina empírica. El pensamiento de la época queda sintetizado en una frase memorable “No pienses, experimenta, se paciente, se exacto”. En la edad contemporánea (1789-1945) los grandes avances se debieron a la microscopía. Se concibe a la célula como centro de los cambios patológicos. Se funda el St Mark’s Hospital en 1835, catedral de la Coloproctología. Aparece la anestesia general en 1846 y la antisepsia en 1864. Se crean las residencias quirúrgicas en 1889...

The history of humanity (melts-founds) with the history of attempts to protect against disease and death. If mankind has 600.000 years of life, 6.000 of history and 200 of scientific (growth-development) anal surgery, skull trepanation and cesarean operation escape to this (classification-pidgeonhole) because they were performed since 4.000 to 10.000 years. Colonic surgery instead required the advent of anesthesia and antisepsis to grow, so it is only 200 years old. In this monography we expose history of medicine, sciences and coloproctology, to situate the last one in his context. In prehistory, pre-Columbian age, ancient times (3100 b.C-476 a.C.) the advances of chinese, hindu, asirianbabilonic, egyptian, greek, roman and hebrew medicine are described briefly. In middle ages (476-1789) byzantine, arab, christian medicine are emphasized. The last one begins his work of human solidarity building hospitals and asylums. The first organized european medical school appears in 850 at Salerno. In modern ages (1453-1789) discovery of paper and printing press favors transmission of knowledge and spiritual elevation. Scientific Academies appear and sciences begin to be economicaly and politicaly used. Scolasticism and empiricism are fought. A memorable phrase synthesize the thougts of the epoch: “Don’t think, experiment, be patient, be exact”. In contemporary ages (1789-1945) great advances were due to microscopy. Cell is thought to be the center of pathologic changes. St Mark’s Hospital “Cathedral of Coloproctology” is founded in 1835. General anesthesia appears in 1846 and antisepsis in 1864. Surgical Residencies were created in 1889. Mechanic suture devices are used since 1910. Colon barium (x-rays-radiographies) are performed in 1910 and double contrast studies begin in 1924. Penicillin was discovered in 1928, (sulfonamides-sulfa drugs) in 1932 and corticoids in 1936...

El Dr. Lino Alarco y su época / The Dr. Lino Alarco and his time

El Dr. Lino Alarco fue un destacado pionero de las intervenciones quirúrgicas temerarias y hasta impensables de la época. Adelantado a su época emitió célebres opiniones sobre la exploración clínica y la frecuencia de los tumores benignos y malignos. El 12 de junio de 1878 realizó Lino Alarco el acto más osado de su carrera. Operó a domicilio un quiste tumoral de ovario, convirtiéndose en el primer cirujano en realizar la cirugía intraperitoneal en el Perú.

The Dr. Lino Alarco was a distinguished surgeon who was a pioneer in performing advanced, daring, and even unthinkable surgical procedures during the second half of the 19th century in Peru. Lino Alarco was ahead of his time, and he made precise descriptions of both benign and malignant tumors. On June 12th, 1878, Dr. Alarco performed the most daring procedure in his career. He excised a tumoral ovarian cyst inthe patient's home, and he became the very first surgeon in performing intraperitoneal surgery in Peru.

Inception of cadaver dissection and its relevance in present day scenario of medical education.

The concept of dissection for acquiring knowledge about the structure of human body was started in 15th century and barber--surgeons used to demonstrate various structures at the professors command. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) was the first medical student to dissect the cadaver and also continued with it even as a professor. Slowly and steadily its importance was realised. Once autopsy was accepted as a ideal parameter to establish the causes of death, the importance of dissection got enhanced. Cadavers were obtained earlier from the grave robbings and mortuaries, which was followed by, an Anatomy Act of 1832, by which unclaimed bodies were provided to the anatomy department. For last two decades, many persons started donating their bodies to the department of anatomy. In India, mostly unclaimed bodies are handed over to anatomy department for teaching and research purpose. Cadavers teach students during 1st professional course, autopsy teaches again in IInd and IIIrd professional courses and even later on throughout the career. Dissection helps in developing a spatial and tactile appreciation for the fabric of the human body that cannot be achieved by prosection or computerised learning aids alone.